How to stop unwanted emails

How can I block a person from emailing me?

 

There are two basic ways to receive email. The first is to log onto a website operated by the email provider, such as Hotmail or Gmail. This is usually referred to as a WebMail system. The second way is to run a mail client program on your PC that communicates with your email service provider and transfers the email to and from that server. The most common examples are Microsoft's Outlook and Outlook Express.

Because there is so much unwanted email flying around nowadays (some people say it's as much as 90% of the total email) just about all email systems allow you to block certain types of email.

For instance, it's common for a mail service provider to filter out a lot of the Spam emails that would otherwise reach you. In fact, in many countries it's mandatory for the service provider to do this.

However, there's also a class of email that will pass a Spam test, yet is still unwanted. For instance, if you have a person who is harassing or bullying you. Most email systems will allow you to block these senders with a single click. In other words, any email that ism coming from this sender's email address is marked as unwanted and simply doesn't appear in you in-box. You may have a choice as to what to do with the mail.

• Simply delete it
• Place it in a "junk email" folder so you get a chance to look at it later if you need to
• Send a bounce message to the sender to say the mail was rejected.

How do you find out how to do this? You'll have to read the options presented to you in the email system, or use the Help system to search for keywords such as "Block".

But of course you should also be sensible about what you sign up for, and you should use the "unsubscribe" option whenever you find that you're on a list you don't want to be on. If you receive 100 emails a day and they're all unwanted, then you're a fool for downloading them, especially if you're paying for the amount of data you download.

Add Folder to : Send to

Many times we require a FOLDER too often, like to store our Multimedia files and all !!!
No need to access the folder and carry out the traditional COPY & PASTE !!!

Just add it too "SEND TO" !!!

Do as follows :
 
** Open any FOLDER.
** Then, TOOLS >> Folder Options
** Click view TAB.
** In LIST of Advance Settings, click Show hidden files and folders !
** Now, go to C:\Documents and Settings
** Here, double click and open your (username) folder !
** Now, open SendTo folder.
** Here copy and paste the shortcut of your favorite Folder

 That's Done !!!

Now, tranfer files to your favorite folder :

** Right Click the file
** Then, Send To
** Click the folder name !

 

What is a Proxy Server?

A proxy server is a computer that offers a computer network service to allow clients to make indirect network connections to other network services. A client connects to the proxy server, then requests a connection, file, or other resource available on a different server. The proxy provides the resource either by connecting to the specified server or by serving it from a cache. In some cases, the proxy may alter the client's request or the server's response for various purposes.

Web proxies

A common proxy application is a caching Web proxy. This provides a nearby cache of Web pages and files available on remote Web servers, allowing local network clients to access them more quickly or reliably.

When it receives a request for a Web resource (specified by a URL), a caching proxy looks for the resulting URL in its local cache. If found, it returns the document immediately. Otherwise it fetches it from the remote server, returns it to the requester and saves a copy in the cache. The cache usually uses an expiry algorithm to remove documents from the cache, according to their age, size, and access history. Two simple cache algorithms are Least Recently Used (LRU) and Least Frequently Used (LFU). LRU removes the least-recently used documents, and LFU removes the least-frequently used documents.

Web proxies can also filter the content of Web pages served. Some censorware applications — which attempt to block offensive Web content — are implemented as Web proxies. Other web proxies reformat web pages for a specific purpose or audience; for example, Skweezer reformats web pages for cell phones and PDAs. Network operators can also deploy proxies to intercept computer viruses and other hostile content served from remote Web pages.

A special case of web proxies are "CGI proxies." These are web sites which allow a user to access a site through them. They generally use PHP or CGI to implement the proxying functionality. CGI proxies are frequently used to gain access to web sites blocked by corporate or school proxies. Since they also hide the user's own IP address from the web sites they access through the proxy, they are sometimes also used to gain a degree of anonymity.

You may see references to four different types of proxy servers:

·         Transparent Proxy - This type of proxy server identifies itself as a proxy server and also makes the original IP address available through the http headers. These are generally used for their ability to cache websites and do not effectively provide any anonymity to those who use them. However, the use of a transparent proxy will get you around simple IP bans. They are transparent in the terms that your IP address is exposed, not transparent in the terms that you do not know that you are using it (your system is not specifically configured to use it.)

·         Anonymous Proxy - This type of proxy server indentifies itself as a proxy server, but does not make the original IP address available. This type of proxy server is detectable, but provides reasonal anonymity for most users.

·         Distorting Proxy - This type of proxy server identifies itself as a proxy server, but make an incorrect original IP address available through the http headers.

·         High Anonymity Proxy - This type of proxy server does not identify itself as a proxy server and does not make available the original IP address.

 

Open Proxies, abuse, and detection

An open proxy is a proxy server which will accept client connections from any IP address and make connections to any Internet resource. Abuse of open proxies is currently implicated in a significant portion of e-mail spam delivery. Spammers frequently install open proxies on unwitting end users' Microsoft Windows computers by means of computer viruses designed for this purpose. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) abusers also frequently use open proxies to cloak their identities. Because proxies could be implicated in abuse, system administrators have developed a number of ways to refuse service to open proxies. IRC networks such as the Blitzed network automatically test client systems for known types of open proxy. Likewise, an email server may be configured to automatically test e-mail senders for open proxies, using software such as Michael Tokarev's proxycheck. Groups of IRC and electronic mail operators run DNSBLs publishing lists of the IP addresses of known open proxies, such as Blitzed OPM and CBL. The ethics of automatically testing clients for open proxies are controversial. Some experts, such as Vernon Schryver, consider such testing to be equivalent to an attacker portscanning the client host. Others consider the client to have solicited the scan by connecting to a server whose terms of service include testing.

 

Anonymous proxy risks

In using a proxy server (for example, anonymizing HTTP proxy), all data sent to the service being used (for example, HTTP server in a website) must pass through the proxy server before being sent to the service, mostly in unencrypted form. It is therefore possible, and has been demonstrated, for a malicious proxy server to record everything sent to the proxy: including unencrypted logins and passwords. By chaining proxies which do not reveal data about the original requester, it is possible to obfuscate activities from the eyes of the user's destination. However, more traces will be left on the intermediate hops, which could be used or offered up to trace the user's activities. If the policies and administrators of these other proxies are unknown, the user may fall victim to a false sense of security just because those details are out of sight and mind. The bottom line of this is to be wary when using proxy servers, and only use proxy servers of known integrity (e.g., the owner is known and trusted, has a clear privacy policy, etc.), and never use proxy servers of unknown integrity. If there is no choice but to use unknown proxy servers, do not pass any private information (unless it is properly encrypted) through the proxy.

 

Internet Anonymity

Internet anonymity is, in essence, the subject of internet privacy and its issues. Internet anonymity is basically the method by which people send messages and conduct business via the Internet without revealing their true identity. The information that they do reveal is controlled by the user him or herself. It includes the obvious personal information, however maintaining Internet anonymity extends far beyond the user: it includes computer information and location as well. To maintain Internet anonymity means to utilize the Internet without giving anyone the ability to trace or link web activity, or personal information, back to the user. Those who are concerned about Internet anonymity often discuss several risks to personal privacy. Cookies are among the most talked about privacy risk. Cookies are text sent to a web browser about a site or page that has been visited. The text is stored by the computer's server and sent back every time that particular web page is revisited. It makes for downloading the page quicker since the computer accessing the page is authenticated by the cookie. Cookies also contain specific information about the user, such as preferences, passwords, log-in IDs and even electronic shopping cart information. This is why the cookie is considered a privacy risk by Internet users, and has thus been disabled by many computer owners prior to surfing the web. Advocates for Internet anonymity argue that it is the most important aspect of free speech on the Internet. Anonymity allows for Internet users to express themselves freely without worry of being discovered or tracked, ridiculed, or harassed. This is important to online discussions and forums, especially those involving personal questions or topics, in which those participating do not want to have to admit who or where they are. A perfect example of the importance of such anonymity is in medical forums where patients are free to ask medical questions of doctors or others with similar medical afflictions. Advocates also maintain that Internet anonymity is essential for transmitting information that must remain anonymous. The reporting of illegal activities and criminal behavior via the Internet is also an example of how vital anonymity can be: it gives witnesses and reporters the comfort and security necessary to offer their testimony. Opponents argue that certain abuses and illegal activities are perpetuated by available Internet anonymity. Spam, or unsolicited email, is a common abuse of Internet anonymity. Most spam emails are junk mail and non-threatening; however, there have been cases where spam has been utilized to communicate hate-speech, threats, and harassment, and the anonymity of such spam has made it difficult, if even impossible, to track their originators. Opponents also debate that anonymity protects criminals and sexual predators. These offenders utilize the forums and discussions groups that protect the identity of all users to target their prey via the Internet. The reality of Internet anonymity is that it will be a subject of heated discussion for years to come. Fortunately there exist avenues that Internet users can take to protect their identity, preferences, and IP addresses, if anonymity is important to them. Disabling cookies is common choice and some web browsers, like Mozilla Foxfire and Opera, have a setting that automatically deletes all cookies at the end of an Internet session. Overall, users need to remain cognizant of what information they provide on the Internet, including that in on-line screen names and profiles, if they want to maintain anonymity while using the web.

 

Trick to Show ur name after time in taskbar...

Here to tell u a trick to add up ur name in place of AM and PM beside time d make urself to feel proud among ur group of frnds.
Its simple
Start -> Control Pannel -> Regional and LAnguage option -> Customize (beside English US) -> Go to TIME tab -> Change AM symbol and PM symbol from AM and PM to ur name -> Apply -> Ok ...
IS it changed ??? Might be not ...Now go to time in taskbar and Double Click it to open "Date and time property" ...Look place where time chnges in digital form i.e. 02:47:52 AM , click to arrow to cnage the AM or PM by selecting and press arrow. It will Show ur name or name that was entered by u, Apply -> OK

 

Error Repoting in XP

If error reporting in XP is bugging you ,then turn it off.

 

 

 

When a system error occurs in XP, a little dialog box appears asking if you want to report the error to Microsoft. Click the message box to make it disappear. You don't have to report the error if you don't want to and on today's "Call for Help" Leo shows you how to turn off the feature if you find it distracting.

 

To disable error reporting, follow these directions:

 

 

 

1. Right-click My Computer and choose Properties.

2. Click the Advanced tab on your System Properties dialog box.

3. Click the Error Reporting button on the Advanced tab.

4. Place a checkmark next to "Disable error reporting."

5. Leave the other radio button unchecked next to the text labeled, "But notify me when critical errors occur."

6. Click OK.

 

Recover the lost administrators password in Windows XP

Slightly more work needed if you lose or forget the Windows XP administrator password.

1.First reboot Windows XP in safe mode by re-starting the computer and pressing F8 repeated as the computer starts up.

2.Then (in safe mode) click Start and then click Run. In the open box type " control userpasswords2" without the quotes - I have just used quotes to differentiate what you have to type.

3.You will now have access to all the user accounts, including the administrators account and will be able to reset the lost password.

4.Just click the administrators user account, and then click Reset Password.

5.You will need to add a new password in the New password and the Confirm new password boxes, and confirm by clicking OK.


All done, you have recovered the lost adminitrators password!

Folder Lock

You can lock and unlock your folder with this simple trick !

 

Procedure :
1. Make a folder on the desktop and name it as "folder"
2. Now, open notepad and write ren folder folder.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} and now (Notepad Menu) File>save as.
3. In the 'save as' name it as lock.bat and click save ! (Save it on Desktop)
4. Now, again open notepad again and write ren folder.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} folder and now (Notepad Menu) File>save as.
5. In the 'save as' name it as key.bat and click save ! (Save it on Desktop)
6. Now, double click lock.bat to lock the folder and now if you open your folder, control panel will open up !
7. Now, double click key.bat to open the folder and now if you open your folder, you can access your data inside the folder again !
8. Lock your folder and hide the key.bat somewhere else on your hard disk !
9. Whenever you want to open your folder just paste the key.bat on desktop and open your folder using it !

 

Automatic Shudown

1. Right click on desktop>select New>shortcut
2. In the shortcut window type : shutdown -s -t 60 -c "the message you want to display"
3. Select Next
4. Name it anything

Now, double click it !

Scared ?

Nothing happened !

Remedy :
1. Go to start>Run
2. Type : shutdown -a
3. Hit Enter      

                                  You are rescued

Block websites without any software or unblock

For Example you want  to block      www.abc.com

 

Open the folder C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc

There you will find a file named HOSTS

Click on the file and press SHIFT and now right click on it .

From the right click menu select Open with .

Now, select Notepad to open the file from the list !

Now, in the file under the line 127.0.0.1 localhost add another line as 127.0.0.2 www.abc.com.

Now, File>>Save !

Now , open your web browser and try openning www.abc.com , it will not load

 

To unblock sites just do the opposite.

Car Keys Inside the Car ?

Have you ever Locked your car keys inside the car ? This is a very frustating event in which you can't blame anyone.

 

solution here:

 

Just call some one at home at his/her cell phone and ask for the duplicate keys to someone at home.

 

Now, as usual the key chain of duplicate key would also be having the remote control, so ask the person at home to press the unlock key on the remote.

 

While the person press the unlock key hold your mobile phone about a 10-12 inches from the car door.

 

The unlock signal will travel on the cell phone network and your car will be unlocked !

 

Please note that on some networks the trick may not work

Resume your work in XP after shutdown

In Windows XP this feature was hidden

 

Trick benefit:

 

 You can leave your work   in between and shutdown the PC and resume it next time as it is !

 

Even I switched off my PC while writing this article and when I reopened it I resumed my article from where i left !

 

When you want to stop your work and shutdown (Keeping your programs open)

 

Do The Following :

1. Click start>Turn Off Computer
2. As the Turn Off menu comes up press 'Shift' and 'Stand By' changes to 'Hibernate'
3. Click Hibernate (Shift Kept Pressed)

Your xp will save the work and shutdown !

Now, when you switch it on again it will resume it again !

No loading of windows will take place and you will be resumed to your work as if you had just switched your monitor off and now on again !

Trick to create table in word

To create table in ms word you can use this shortcut

 

Type:

 +======+=====+====+===+==+=+

And simply hit 'Enter' !

 

You will see that the text changes to a table. Here, the number '=' represent the number of characters in each cell !

 

Just it makes your work easy and fast

Forgot BIOS Password ?

1. Open the CPU
2. Now, observe the motherboard.
3. You notice a coin like silver Battery(3V).

4. Remove the battery from the motherboard.
    (It is safe to remove the Battery)
5. Wait 30 seconds and place the battery back on the motherboard.
6. Now, when you start your system you won't be prompted for the BIOS password.  

 

Hidden Programes in Windows XP

 1.  Private Character Editor:

        Used for editing fonts,etc.

         start>>Run

         Now, type eudcedit

 

 

2 .  Dr. Watson :

    This an inbuilt windows repairing software !
         start>>Run
          Now, type drwtsn32

 

3.  Media Player 5.1 :
      Even if you upgrade your Media Player, you can still access your old player in          case the new one fails !!!       

 

           start>>Run
          Now, type mplay32

 

4. iExpress :
     Used to create Setups

     You can create your own installers !

      start>>Run
      Now, type iexpress .

Change Text Size In Internet Explorer

To alter the Size Of Text displayed in firefox , Just hold ctrl and
scroll your mouse wheel

Scroll UP : To Reduce Text Size
Scroll Down : To Increase Text Size

Web site Hosting

 

Guide

 

A Unix or Windows platform ?

 

The choice between a Unix or Windows platform will depend on your personal needs, Unix is the most common platform providing excellent security and a wide range of features. If you need a Windows specific feature such as ASP   are going to be using an Access database then a Windows platform would be needed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Building a website

for beginners

This  is  to give new designers step by step instruction to produce their first basic website, this is not aimed to be a 'how to make the perfect website' tutorial it is solely to outline the basic principles and structure. There are many different ways to create a website, some better than others, there are also many different programs you can use to create a website faster and easier.

This short course will take you through the various steps to help you make your first website with ease

 

 

 

This is what you will need to create your own website:

 

• A domain name and webspace to store your website.
• Text Editor / HTML Editor to create the pages.
• FTP Program or a means of uploading your files to your web host.
• Graphics program to create any images you may require.  

The first thing on the list is somewhere to host your site and if needed get a domain name, if you already have a host then continue on to the next part Programs.

There are lots of different web hosting companies all offering different services, some offer free hosting (which may suit your first site) but they may put adverts on your site, they are however very useful for practicing. There are deals out there which make having your own hosting very cheap indeed, we will look at these now.

When looking for a host there are a few important things to keep in mind, for instance, as this is your first site then you may need help with basic things, which some hosts simply won't do.

Other things to consider are what you will need for your particular site, for example how much space you need to store your pages, how much bandwidth you need (explained below), and what if any special extras you need to create your site.

 

First, let's look at how much web space you might need, this is, as you may have guessed, how much physical space you need to store your web pages and images.

If the site is going to be less than say 200 pages then 50Mb will be ample as the average web page should be between 2Kb and 50Kb, so this would leave plenty of room for any images you may want to use (200 times 50Kb is around 10Mb).

Bandwidth is a measurement of how much data (information) can be transferred over a set period of time, for instance every time someone looks at a page/image on your website this increases your bandwidth use.

The average hosting company offers between 1Gb (1024 Mb) and 20Gb a month. So the calculation for the bandwidth would be the size of the pages/images viewed by each visitor times how many visitors per month.

Other extras you may need are a CGI-BIN which will allow you to run special scripts that can make your website more interactive, CGI stands for Common Gateway Interface, to use CGI you will need access to a scripting language the two most popular of which are PHP and Perl.

Another extra you may need is a database to store and retrieve information, the 2 most common database systems are MySQL and Microsoft Access, which one you use will depend on your host. We will soon be putting up a course on PHP and MySQL which will get you started.

 

HTML Template

Layout of a typical HTML page

Below is the basic layout for a HTML document, there are more parameters that can be utilized.

<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Page title goes here</TITLE> <META NAME="description" CONTENT=" Description of page goes here"> < META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Any keywords go here "> </HEAD> <BODY> main body of page goes here </BODY> </HTML>

The META tags are not crucial, but can help describe the page when presented in a listed environment such as a search engine.

Dividers

(justification, line breaks, etc)

 

HTML Tags including BR - HR - P - BREAK - PARAGRAPH

 

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTML tags - Dividers

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

<BR>

line break, often referred to as a carriage return.

---

<HR>

horizontal rule, places a horizontal line across the document.

---

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

horizontal rule with center alignment.

---

<HR ALIGN=LEFT>

horizontal rule with left alignment.

---

<HR ALIGN=RIGHT>

horizontal rule with right alignment.

---

<HR NOSHADE>

horizontal rule with no shading.

---

<HR SIZE=?>

horizontal rule with specified thickness '?' in pixels.

---

<HR WIDTH=?>

horizontal rule with specified width '?' in pixels.

---

<HR WIDTH="?">

horizontal rule with specified width '?' in percent.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

<P>

denotes a new paragraph, used in conjunction with the </P> tag.

---

</P>

denotes the end of the paragraph.

---

<P ALIGN=CENTER>

new paragraph with center alignment, used in conjunction with the </P> tag.

---

<P ALIGN=JUSTIFY>

new paragraph fully justified, used in conjunction with the </P> tag.

---

<P ALIGN=LEFT>

new paragraph with left alignment, used in conjunction with the </P> tag.

---

<P ALIGN=RIGHT>

new paragraph with right alignment, used in conjunction with the </P> tag.

 

Form Tags

(input, form, submit, etc)

 

HTML Tags including FORM - ACTION - VALUE - OPTION - INPUT – SUBMIT

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HTML tags - Form Tags

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

<FORM ACTION="URL" METHOD=POST>

defines a form, and sends the data as a data stream, this is the most common method.

<FORM ACTION="URL" METHOD=GET>

defines a form, and sends the data as part of the URL.

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

<BUTTON> - </BUTTON>

functions the same as buttons created with the <INPUT> tag but can be enhanced further with images etc, for more info on the <BUTTON> tag.

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

<INPUT NAME="?">

defines the name of the input field, needed for all <INPUT> tags except SUBMIT and RESET, this gives the names the field when the data is sent to the server for processing.

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

<INPUT VALUE="?">

when used in conjunction with a TEXT type field it depicts the default contents of the text field, when used in conjunction with a radio button or checkbox it sets the value of the button when selected. When used in conjunction with the SUBMIT and RESET buttons it can be used to label the button with text.

 

 

<INPUT TYPE="?">

used in conjunction with the attributes below :

       TEXT - provides a text box where the user can enter data, i.e

<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT">
</FORM>

will provide :

---

       PASSWORD - provides a text box where the user can enter data which is displayed as asterixes ***, i.e

<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="PASSWORD">
</FORM>

will provide :

 

 

RADIO - provides a radio button that the user can toggle on and off to select, when used in conjunction with more radio buttons with the same input field name it becomes a 'select one of many' option, i.e

<FORM>
Option number 1<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="whatever">
Option number 2<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" NAME="whatever">
</FORM>

will provide :

Option number 1 Option number 1

 

 

  CHECKBOX - provides a single checkbox that the user can toggle on and off to select, i.e

<FORM>
Option number 1<INPUT TYPE="CHECKBOX">
</FORM>

will provide :

Option number 1

SUBMIT - provides a push button that sends the data in the form to the server according to the <FORM ACTION> tag, when used along with the VALUE attribute you can name the button i.e

<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="Button Name">
</FORM>

will provide :

 

 

RESET - provides a push button that restores all input fields within the form to their default value, when used along with the VALUE attribute you can name the button i.e

<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="RESET" VALUE="Another Button">
</FORM>

---

<INPUT CHECKED>

used in conjunction with either a checkbox or radio button and is used to indicate that the default value is checked. i.e.
<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" CHECKED>.

 

<INPUT SIZE=?>

used in conjunction with either a text or password type field and is used to specify the physical size of the input field in characters, i.e.
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" SIZE=40>.

 

<INPUT MAXLENGTH=?>

used in conjunction with either a text or password type field and is used to specify the maximum amount of characters allowed, i.e.
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" MAXLENGTH=50>

 

<SELECT> - </SELECT> - used in conjunction with the <OPTION> tag and within the <FORM></FORM> tags to provide the user with multiple selections, also used here is the NAME attribute, i.e

<FORM>
<SELECT NAME="whatever">
<OPTION> first option.
<OPTION> second option.
<OPTION> third option.
</SELECT>
</FORM>

will provide :

first option.second option.third option.

the MULTIPLE attribute can be used as well, i.e. <SELECT NAME="whatever" MULTIPLE>, this allows the user to select multiple options, this also alters the appearance of the 'box' allowing more than one option to be displayed, i.e

<FORM>
<SELECT NAME="whatever" MULTIPLE>
<OPTION> first option.
<OPTION> second option.
<OPTION> third option.
</SELECT>
</FORM>

will provide :

first option.second option.third option.

 

Frame Tags

(borders, margins, etc)

 

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HTML tags - Frame Tags

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

<FRAMESET> set of frames </FRAMESET> - Frame Document, this defines a set of frames. This tag can also be nested inside other <FRAMESET> tags.

---

<FRAMESET COLS=value,value> - defines how many and the size of the columns within the frameset. Where value is the size given in pixels or %.

---

<FRAMESET ROWS=value,value> - defines how many and the size of the rows within the frameset. Where value is the size given in pixels or %.

---

<FRAME> - defines a frame within the frameset.

---

<NOFRAMES> - </NOFRAMES> - defines the content to be shown to a browser that is not frame enabled.

---

below are some attributes to be used along with the <FRAME> tag :

---

<FRAME NAME="????"> - defines the name of the frame allowing other frames to reference it.

---

<FRAME SRC="URL"> - defines the HTML document to be displayed by default, where URL is the URL of the document to be displayed.

---

<FRAME SCROLLING=???> - depicts whether the frame has a scroll bar or not, where ??? is either YES , NO or AUTO. For example if you wanted a frame without a scroll bar you would use <FRAME SCROLLING=NO>.

---

<FRAME MARGINWIDTH=?> - defines the left and right margins for the frame, where ? is a value of 1 or higher.

---

<FRAME MARGINHEIGHT=?> - defines the top and bottom margins for the frame, where ? is a value of 1 or higher.

---

<FRAME NORESIZE> - denotes that the frame can not be resized by the user in the browser.

Linkage, image and Multimedia Tags

(hyperlinks,images, sound files)

 

HTML Image and Link Tags including HREF - IMG SRC - ALT - ALIGN

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTML tags - Linkage, image and multimedia Tags

---

<A HREF="URL"> link text/image </A>

Provides a link to the URL in the <A HREF> tag, the </A> denotes the end of the link tag.

---

<A HREF="#???"> link text/image </A>

Provides a link to an <A NAME="??"> tag in the same document, </A> denotes the end of the link tag.

---

<A HREF="URL#???"> link text/image </A>

Provides a link to an <A NAME="??"> tag in the document given in the URL, </A> denotes the end of the link tag.

---

<A HREF="mailto:whoever@domain.com"> link text/image </a>

Provides a link to send an email to the recipient in the <A HREF> tag. If you want to set the subject for the email you can use <A HREF="mailto:whoever@domain.com ?subject=****"> link text/image </A> where **** is the text of the subject.

---

<A NAME="???"> link text/image </A>

Defines a part of a document to be linked to by the <A HREF="#???"> and <AHREF="URL#???"> tags.

---

<IMG SRC="URL">

Displays the image in the given URL.

---

<IMG SRC="URL" ALIGN=TOP|BOTTOM|MIDDLE|LEFT|RIGHT>

where TOP, BOTTOM, MIDDLE, LEFT, RIGHT are the alignment parameters. For example to display an image that is left aligned use <IMG SRC="URL" ALIGN=LEFT>.

---

<IMG SRC="URL" ALT="???">

allows a text alternative, where ??? is the text to be displayed if the image is unobtainable.

---

<IMG SRC="URL" WIDTH=xx HEIGHT=yy>

denotes how big the image should be displayed, where xx is the width and yy is the height in pixels.

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<IMG SRC="URL" WIDTH="xx%" HEIGHT="yy%">

the same as above but the dimensions given in percent, instead of pixels.

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<IMG SRC="URL" BORDER=??>

defines the size of the border around the image in pixels.

 

List Tags

(numbered lists, bullet lists, etc)

 

HTML Tags including UL - LI - OL - MENU - DD - DT - DIR – TYPE

 

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HTML tags - List Tags

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<UL> <LI> </UL> - Unordered list - <UL> denotes the start of an unordered list </UL> denotes the end of an unordered list, the <LI> is a list item see below for an example.

<UL>
<LI>list item number 1
<LI>List item number 2
<LI>List item number 3
</UL>

will produce :

• List item number 1
• List item number 2
• List item number 3

There are other attributes you can use with these tags, these are dealt with further down the page.

 

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<OL> <LI> </OL> - Ordered list - <OL> denotes the start of an ordered list and </OL> denotes the end of an ordered list, <LI> is a list item, see below for an example.

<OL>
<LI>List item number 1
<LI>List item number 2
<LI>List item number 3
</OL>

will produce :

1. List item number 1
2. List item number 2
3. List item number 3

There are other attributes you can use with these tags, these are dealt with further down the page.

 

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<MENU> <LI> </MENU> - Menu list - <MENU> denotes the start of the menu (similar to the <UL> tag), and </menu> denotes the end of the menu, <LI> is a menu/list item see below for an example.

<MENU>
<LI>Menu item number 1
<LI>Menu item number 2
<LI>Menu item number 3
</MENU>

will produce :

  Menu item number 1

  Menu item number 2

  Menu item number 3

This tag is suitable for listing URLs.

 

 

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<DIR> <LI> </DIR> - Directory list - <DIR> denotes the start of the dir listing and </DIR> denotes the end of the dir listing, <LI> is a Dir/list item see below for an example.

<DIR>
<LI>Dir listing 1
<LI>Dir listing 2
<LI>Dir listing 3
</DIR>

will produce :

  Dir listing 1

  Dir listing 2

  Dir listing 3

This (in some browsers) will create a list similar to <UL> but in narrow columns, and is usually used to list the contents of a directory.

 

 

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<DL> <DT> <DD> </DL> - Definition list - <DL> denotes the start of the definition list, <DT> denotes a Definition Term, <DD> denotes a Definition and </DL> denotes the end of the definition list. See below for an example.

<DL>
<DT>1st Term
<DD>1st Definition
<DT>2nd Term
<DD>2nd Definition
<DT>3rd Term
<DD>3rd Definition
</DL>

will produce :

1st Term

1st Definition

2nd Term

2nd Definition

3rd Term

3rd Definition

 

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Here are some attributes you can use within the list tags along with examples :

TYPE - this can be used with the <UL>, <OL> and <LI> tags, it can have various effects here is one example :

<UL TYPE=SQUARE>
<LI>1st listing
<LI>2nd listing
</UL>

will produce :

• 1st listing
• 2nd listing

the parameters you can use with the TYPE attribute are CIRCLE, SQUARE (as above), DISC and some more which are described below :

The following parameters when used with the TYPE attribute can change the appearance of ordered lists, these are A, a, I, i, and 1.

where <OL TYPE=A> as used below :

<OL TYPE=A>
<LI>1st listing
<LI>2nd listing
<LI>3rd listing
</OL>

will produce :

1. 1st listing
2. 2nd listing
3. 3rd listing

and <OL TYPE=a> will produce :

1. 1st listing
2. 2nd listing
3. 3rd listing

and <OL TYPE=I> will produce a list in large Roman Numerals :

1. 1st listing
2. 2nd listing
3. 3rd listing
4. 4th listing

and <OL TYPE=i> will produce a list in small Roman Numerals :

1. 1st listing
2. 2nd listing
3. 3rd listing
4. 4th listing

and 1 will produce a numerical list, these parameters can be used with the <LI> tag as well, for example <LI TYPE=A> allowing you to choose a different list type for an item (and the subsequent).

 

 

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Another attribute that you can use with the <LI> tag is VALUE, this sets the value for the list item and the subsequent, for example :

<OL>
<LI VALUE=6>list item
<LI>list item
<LI VALUE=14>list item
<LI>list item
</OL>

will produce :

6. list item
7. list item

14. list item
15. list item

Another attribute you can use with the <OL> tag is START, this sets the starting value of an ordered list, for example :

<OL START=55>
<LI>List item
<LI>List item
<LI>List item
</OL>

will produce :

55. List item
56. List item
57. List item

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Another attribute you can see with <OL>, <UL>, <DL>, <DIR> and <MENU> is COMPACT , this produces a more compact list when used with any of these tags. One example is :

<OL COMPACT>
<LI>list item
<LI>list item
<LI>list item
<LI>list item
</OL>

will produce :

1. list item
2. list item
3. list item
4. list item